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In high school, she had high ambitions of political activity. [36], Colvin and her family have been fighting for recognition for her action. Check below for more deets about Claudette Colvin. And, like the pregnant Mrs Hamilton, many African-Americans refused to tolerate the indignity of the South's racist laws in silence. She made history at the young age of 15 by refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama to a white woman. [34], Colvin has often said she is not angry that she did not get more recognition; rather, she is disappointed. [23] She was bailed out by her minister, who told her that she had brought the revolution to Montgomery. "Are you going to stand up?" But what I do remember is when they asked me to stick my arms out the window and that's when they handcuffed me," Colvin says. Under the twisted logic of segregation the white woman still couldn't sit down, as then white and black passengers would have been sharing a row of seats - and the whole point was that white passengers were meant to be closer to the front. Angry protests erupt over Greek rail disaster, Explosive found in check-in luggage at US airport, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat. "There was segregation everywhere. Some people questioned if the father was a white male. Colvin has said, "Young people think Rosa Parks just sat down on a bus and ended segregation, but that wasn't the case at all. To sustain the boycott, communities organised carpools and the Montgomery's African-American taxi drivers charged only 10 cents - the same price as bus fare - for fellow African Americans. In 2009, the writer Phillip Hoose published a book that told her story in detail for the first time. Raymond Colvin died in 1993 in New York of a heart attack, aged 37. Clubs called special meetings and discussed the event with some degree of alarm. Colvin was also very dark-skinned, which put her at the bottom of the social pile within the black community - in the pigmentocracy of the South at the time, and even today, while whites discriminated against blacks on grounds of skin colour, the black community discriminated against each other in terms of skin shade. She wants . So he said, 'If you are not going to get up, I will get a policeman. Eclipsed by Parks, her act of defiance was largely ignored for many years. "However, the black leadership in Montgomery at the time thought that we should wait. However, not one has bothered to interview her. Another factor was that before long Colvin became pregnant. She turns, watches, wipes, feeds and washes the elderly patients and offers them a gentle, consoling word when they become disoriented. He was born on March 3, 1931, in Mound City, S.D., the son of Alfred Gunderson and Verna Johnson Gunderson. In this respect, the civil rights movement in Montgomery moved fast. "They put him on death row." Before the Rosa Parks incident took place, Claudette Colvin was arrested for challenging the bus segregation system. Austin, but she was raised by her great-aunt and great-uncle, Mary Ann and Q.P. State and local officials appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court. The full enormity of what she had done was only just beginning to dawn on her. I was afraid they might rape me. The United States District Court ruled the state of Alabama and Montgomery's bus segregation laws were unconstitutional. [16][19], When Colvin refused to get up, she was thinking about a school paper she had written that day about the local customs that prohibited blacks from using the dressing rooms in order to try on clothes in department stores. I was glued to my seat," she later told Newsweek. It is a letter Colvin knew nothing about. Rita Dove penned the poem "Claudette Colvin Goes to Work," which later became a song. asked the policeman. Blake approached her. She also had become pregnant and they thought an unwed mother would attract too much negative attention in a public legal battle. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}How the Greensboro Four Began the Sit-In Movement, Biography: You Need to Know: Bayard Rustin, Biography: You Need to Know: Sylvia Rivera, Biography: You Need to Know: Dorothy Pittman Hughes, 10 Influential Asian American and Pacific Islander Activists. On June 13, 1956, the judges determined that the state and local laws requiring bus segregation in Alabama were unconstitutional. Video, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat, Claudette Colvin's interview on Outlook on the BBC World Service, Whiskey fungus forces Jack Daniels to stop construction, Harry and Meghan told to 'vacate' Frogmore Cottage, Rare Jurassic-era bug found at Arkansas Walmart, Havana Syndrome unlikely to have hostile cause - US, India PM Modi urges G20 to overcome divisions, Starbucks illegally fired workers over union - judge, NFL hopeful accused of racing in deadly car crash. "And since it had to happen, I'm happy it happened to a person like Mrs Parks," said Martin Luther King from the pulpit of the Holt Street Baptist Church. Colvin felt compelled to stand her ground. So, you know, I think you compare history, likemost historians say Columbus discovered America, and it was already populated. They sent a delegation to see the commissioner, and after a few meetings they appeared to have reached an understanding that the harassment would stop and that Colvin would be allowed to clear her name. "Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats," he said. 2023 BBC. 9. A poor, single, pregnant, black, teenage mother who had both taken on the white establishment and fallen foul of the black one. The churches, buses and schools were all segregated and you couldn't even go into the same restaurants," Claudette Colvin says. If one white person wanted to sit down there, then all the black people on that row were supposed to get up and either stand or move further to the back. Letters of support came from as far afield as Oregon and California. In his Pulitzer prize-winning account of the civil rights years, Parting The Waters, Taylor Branch wrote: "Even if Montgomery Negroes were willing to rally behind an unwed, pregnant teenager - which they were not - her circumstances would make her an extremely vulnerable standard bearer. The bus froze. "I make up stories to convince them to stay in bed." For we like our history neat - an easy-to-follow, self-contained narrative with dates, characters and landmarks with which we can weave together otherwise unrelated events into one apparently seamless length of fabric held together by sequence and consequence. Parks made hers on Dec. 1 that same year. After her refusal to give up her seat, Colvin was arrested on several charges, including violating the city's segregation laws. Claudette Colvin's birthstone is Sapphire. Gary Younge investigates, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. [9] When they took Claudette in, the Colvins lived in Pine Level, a small country town in Montgomery County, the same town where Rosa Parks grew up. Her son Raymond Colvin died of a heart attack in 1993. "I wasn't frightened but disappointed and angry because I knew I was sitting in the right seat.". Rosa Parks was thrown off the bus on a Thursday; by Friday, activists were distributing leaflets that highlighted her arrest as one of many, including those of Colvin and Mary Louise Smith: "Another Negro woman has been arrested and thrown in jail because she refused to get up out of her seat on the bus for a white person to sit down," they read. Moreover, she was not the first person to take a stand by keeping her seat and challenging the system. The once-quiet student was branded a troublemaker by some, and she had to drop out of college. "It is he who decides which facts to give the floor and in what order or context. '", The atmosphere on the bus became very tense. History had me glued to the seat.. [4], "The bus was getting crowded, and I remember the bus driver looking through the rearview mirror asking her [Colvin] to get up for the white woman, which she didn't," said Annie Larkins Price, a classmate of Colvin. Colvin is not exactly bitter. Fifteen-year-old Claudette Colvin was the first to be arrested in protest of bus segregation in Montgomery. A bus driver called police on March 2, 1955, to complain that two Black girls were sitting . "She had remained calm all during the days of her waiting period and during the trial," wrote Robinson. Aster is known as a talisman of love and an enduring symbol of elegance. So he said, 'If you are not going to get up, I will get a policeman.'" Claudette had two sons named Raymond and Randy Colvin, and her first pregnancy was at the age of 16 with a much older man. Complexity, with all its nuances and shaded realities, is a messy business. "She had been yelling, 'It's my constitutional right!'. The record of her arrest and adjudication of delinquency was expunged by the district court in 2021, with the support of the district attorney for the county in which the charges were brought more than 66 years before. In New York, Colvin gave birth to another son, Randy. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. A group of black civil rights leaders including Martin Luther King, Jr., was organized to discuss Colvin's arrest with the police commissioner. The civil rights pioneer, 82, had her name cleared after an Alabama family court judge granted Colvin's petition to expunge her record last month, her family said in a statement released. She relied on the city's buses to get to and from school because her family did not own a car. Performance & security by Cloudflare. He contacted Montgomery Councilmen Charles Jinright and Tracy Larkin, and in 2017, the Council passed a resolution for a proclamation honoring Colvin. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. That summer she became pregnant by a much older man. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a1897c67fea0e3a She says she expected some abuse from the driver, but nothing more. Claudette Colvin was born Claudette Austin in Montgomery, Alabama, on September 5, 1939, to Mary Jane Gadson and C. P. Austin. The NMAAHC has a section dedicated to Rosa Parks, which Colvin does not want taken away, but her family's goal is to get the historical record right, and for officials to include Colvin's part of history. She spent the next decade going back and forth like a yo-yo between the two cities, she said. "There was no assault", Price said. Best Known For: Claudette Colvin is an activist who was a pioneer in the civil rights movement in Alabama during the 1950s. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR). "New York is a completely different culture to Montgomery, Alabama. Claudette Colvin (born Claudette Austin; September 5, 1939)[1][2] is an American pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement and retired nurse aide. King's role in the boycott transformed him into a national figure of the civil rights movement, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat. The young Ms. Colvin was portrayed by actress Mariah Iman Wilson. With funding from church donations and activities organized by the chapter, Colvin had her day in court. [27] During the court case, Colvin described her arrest: "I kept saying, 'He has no civil right this is my constitutional right you have no right to do this.' "[20], Browder v. Gayle made its way through the courts. She worked there for 35 years until her . "You may do that," said Parks, who is now 87 and lives in Detroit. The urban bustle surrounding her could not seem further away from King Hill. King Hill, Montgomery, is the sepia South. Telephones rang. She withdrew from college, and struggled in the local environment. I felt inspired by these women because my teacher taught us about them in so much detail," she says. Like Colvin, Parks was commuting home and was seated in the "coloured section" of the bus. She now works as a nurses' aide at an old people's home in downtown Manhattan. He was so light-skinned (like his father) that people frequently said she had a baby by a white man. Parks was, too. [24] She was convicted on all three charges in juvenile court. Associated With. They forced her into the back of a squad car, one officer jumping in after her. "I was really afraid, because you just didn't know what white people might do at that time," Colvin later said. ", A personal tragedy for her was seen as a political liability by the town's civil rights leaders. She needed support. Months before Rosa Parks became the mother of the modern civil rights movement by refusing to move to the back of a segregated Alabama bus, Black teenager Claudette Colvin did the same. The three other girls got up; Colvin stayed put. "[citation needed], The police officers who took her to the station made sexual comments about her body and took turns guessing her bra size throughout the ride. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, at the age of 15, for refusing to give up her seat on a crowded, segregated bus to a white woman. Nine months before Parks's arrest, a 15-year-old girl, Claudette Colvin, was thrown off a bus in the same town and in almost identical circumstances. "So I went and I testified about the system and I was saying that the system treated us unfairly and I used some of the language that they used when we got taken off the bus.". CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVIST, 81, BIRMINGHAM, AL. "I was more defiant and then they knocked my books out of my lap and one of them grabbed my arm. At the time, black leaders, including the Rev. After training, she landed a job as a nurses aide in a Catholic hospital in Manhattan. But people in King Hill do not remember Colvin as that type of girl, and the accusation irritates Colvin to this day. Instead of being taken to a juvenile detention centre, Colvin was taken to an adult jail and put in a small cell with nothing in it but a broken sink and a cot without a mattress. The law at the time designated seats for black passengers at the back and for whites at the front, but left the middle as a murky no man's land. In 1955, at age 15, Claudette Colvin . "We didn't know what was going to happen, but we knew something would happen. 1956- Colvin was one of four Black women who served as plaintiffs in a federal court suit 1956- Had her child, his name was Raymond 1957- People were bombing black churches 1957- Congress approved the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Daryl Bailey, the District Attorney for the county, supported her motion, stating: "Her actions back in March of 1955 were conscientious, not criminal; inspired, not illegal; they should have led to praise and not prosecution". Claudette Colvin was born on September 5, 1939, in Montgomery, Alabama. "The white people were always seated at the front of the bus and the black people were seated at the back of the bus. Councilman Larkin's sister was on the bus in 1955 when Colvin was arrested. She had sons named Raymond and Randy. As well as the predictable teenage fantasy of "marrying a baseball player", she also had strong political convictions. I can still vividly hear the click of those keys. When Claudette Colvin's high school in Montgomery, Alabama, observed Negro History Week in 1955, the 15-year-old had no way of knowing how the stories of Black freedom fighters would soon impact . "I became very active in her youth group and we use to meet every Sunday afternoon at the Luther church," she says. First Name Claudette #1. Respectfully and faithfully yours. Phillip Hoose. "[33] "I'm not disappointed. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. By the time she got home, her parents already knew. You can't sugarcoat it. You have to take a stand and say, 'This is not right.'. They'd call her a bad girl, and her case wouldn't have a chance."[6][8]. To the exclusively male and predominantly middle-class, church-dominated, local black leadership in Montgomery, she was a fallen woman. Raymond Colvin, age 62, a resident of Ft. Deposit, AL, died April 13, 2013. At 82, her arrest is expunged", "Claudette Colvin's juvenile record has been expunged, 66 years after she was arrested for refusing to give her bus seat to a White person", "John McCutcheon sings Rita Dove's 'Claudette Colvin', Drunk History' Montgomery, AL (TV Episode 2014), "The Newsroom - Will McAvoy On Historical Hypotheticals", "Report: Biopic about civil rights pioneer Claudette Colvin in the works", The Other Rosa Parks (Colvin interview with, Vanessa de la Torre, "In The Shadow of Rosa Parks: 'Unsung Hero' of Civil Rights Movement Speaks Out", "An asterisk, not a star, of black history", Let us Look at Jim Crow for the Criminal he is - Rosa Parks' bus stand and the long history of bus resistance, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudette_Colvin&oldid=1142354716. Soon afterwards, on 5 December, 40,000 African-American bus passengers boycotted the system and that afternoon, black leaders met to form the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), electing a young pastor, Martin Luther King Jr, as their president. But she rarely told her story after moving to New York City. After her arrest and release to the custody of her pastor and great-aunt, the bright, opinionated Colvin insisted to everyone within earshot that she wanted to contest the charges. Phillip Hoose is author of Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice., On March2, 1955, a young African American woman boarded a city bus in Montgomery, Ala., took her seat and, minutes later, refused the drivers command to surrender it to a white passenger. They had threatened to throw her out of the Booker T Washington school for wearing her hair in plaits. She fell out of history altogether. She sat in the colored section about two seats away from an emergency exit, in a Capitol Heights bus. It wasn't a bad area, but it had a reputation." Like Colvin, Parks refused, and was arrested and fined. The woman alleged rape; Reeves insisted it was consensual. A year later, on 20 December 1956, the US Supreme Court ruled that segregation on the buses must end. The driver, James Blake, turned around and ordered the black passengers to go to the back of the bus, so that the whites could take their places. But she rarely told her story after moving to New York City. Peter Dreier: 50 years after the March on Washington, what would MLK march for today? [16], Through the trial Colvin was represented by Fred Gray, a lawyer for the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which was organizing civil rights actions. [49], The Little-Known Heroes: Claudette Colvin, a children's picture book by Kaushay and Spencer Ford, was published in 2021. Parks stayed put. "[4][5] Colvin's case was dropped by civil rights campaigners because Colvin was unmarried and pregnant during the proceedings. Ms. Colvin in New York on Feb. 5, 2009. "She gave me the feeling that I was the Moses that God had sent to Pharaoh," said Fred Gray, the lawyer who went on to represent her. The court declared her a ward of the state and remanded her to the custody of her family. Most of the people didn't have problems with us sitting on the bus, most New Yorkers cared about economic problems. ", But even as she inspired awe throughout the country, elders within Montgomery's black community began to doubt her suitability as a standard-bearer of the movement. - Claudette Colvin On March 2, 1955, an impassioned teenager, fed up with the daily injustices of Jim Crow segregation, refused to give her seat to a white woman on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama. function fbl_init(){ Claudette Colvin: The 15-year-old who came before Rosa Parks 10 March 2018 Alamy By Taylor-Dior Rumble BBC World Service In March 1955, nine months before Rosa Parks defied segregation laws by. Colvin could not attend the proclamation due to health concerns. Her first son died in 1993. "She was a bookworm," says Gloria Hardin, who went to school with Colvin and who still lives in King Hill. [26], Together with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith, and Jeanetta Reese, Colvin was one of the five plaintiffs in the court case of Browder v. Gayle. By Monday, the day the boycott began, Colvin had already been airbrushed from the official version of events. [2][14] Despite being a good student, Colvin had difficulty connecting with her peers in school due to grief. Colvin's sister, Gloria Laster, said. It is the historian who has decided for his own reasons that Caesar's crossing of that petty stream, the Rubicon, is a fact of history, whereas the crossing of the Rubicon by millions of other people before or since interests nobody at all.". ", Almost 50 years on, Colvin still talks about the incident with a mixture of shock and indignation - as though she still cannot believe that this could have happened to her. [5] Colvin did not receive the same attention as Parks for a number of reasons: she did not have "good hair", she was not fair-skinned, she was a teenager, she was pregnant. "Had it not been for Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith, there may not have been a Thurgood Marshall, a Martin Luther King or a Rosa Parks. "Oh God," wailed one black woman at the back. "They lectured us about Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth and we were taught about an opera singer called Marian Anderson who wasn't allowed to sing at Constitutional Hall just because she was black, so she sang at Lincoln Memorial instead.". Of `` marrying a baseball player '', she said: 7a1897c67fea0e3a she says she expected some abuse from official... 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