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This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. On Thursday, Nov. 14, Wagner College marked the 75th anniversary of Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," with a luncheon lecture by Reni Hanau, a survivor of the Nazi terror. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b] - [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. Glass in my thoughts. BethanyMilby. The Night of Broken Glass marked a turning point in the, zi war against the Jews. A more personal response, in 1939, was the oratorio A Child of Our Time by the English composer Michael Tippett. Schools were ransacked, as the attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. The Nazi government imposed a collective fine of one billion Reichsmarks (about $400 million in 1938) on the Jewish community. [80] An account cited that Hitler's green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany. Night of Broken Glass 2. [20] Some historians believe that the Nazi government had been contemplating a planned outbreak of violence against the Jews and were waiting for an appropriate provocation; there is evidence of this planning dating back to 1937. Eventually, under Hitlers read more, Ethnic cleansing has been defined as the attempt to get rid of (through deportation, displacement or even mass killing) members of an unwanted ethnic group in order to establish an ethnically homogenous geographic area. During World War II, Hitler and the Nazis implemented their so-called Final Solution to what they referred to as the Jewish problem, and carried out the systematic murder of some 6 million European Jews (along with, by some estimates, 4 million to 6 million non-Jews) in what came to be known as the Holocaust. Goebbels had recently suffered humiliation for the ineffectiveness of his propaganda campaign during the Sudeten crisis, and was in some disgrace over an affair with a Czech actress, Lda Baarov. Latin, or Old Norse source word and its meaning. In the weeks that followed, the German government promulgated dozens of laws and decrees designed to deprive Jews of their property and of their means of livelihood. The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan. [24] In the so-called "Polenaktion", more than 12,000 Polish Jews, among them the philosopher and theologian Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, and future literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki were expelled from Germany on 28 October 1938, on Hitler's orders. Scheer, Regina (1993). However, due to the lack of interest and customer loyalty to Jews ' businesses, the boycott failed. Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some of them comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the 1880s. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. Updates? Beyond expressing outrage at the violence, the outside world did little to help. As with the broken window, war causes resources and capital to be . A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews. Among other things, Hitlers Nazi Party, which espoused extreme German nationalism and anti-Semitism, commanded that all Jewish businesses be boycotted and all Jews be dismissed from civil service posts. [30] However, he also argued that the anti-Semitic laws were "necessary" to allow the Volksgemeinschaft to flourish. The violence was instigated primarily by Nazi Party officials and members of the SA (Sturmabteilung: commonly known as Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth. Could you send us something? On the night of November 9, 1939, Nazi soldiers stormed the streets of Germany, breaking windows and looting Jewish businesses in a nationwide attack that would be known as Kristallnacht ("the night of broken glass"). They served in the German army and navy and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture. [65], As it was aware that the German public did not support the Kristallnacht, the propaganda ministry directed the German press to portray opponents of racial persecution as disloyal. The entire story is told from the point of view of a cat named Benno, who lives happily on Rosenstrasse in Berlin, making the rounds from shop to shop and apartment to apartment, visiting both Jewish and non-Jewish families, all of whom love him. Violence began to erupt in various parts of the Reich throughout the late evening and early morning hours of November 910. But another event Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass" on Nov. 9-10, 1938, which preceded the ghettos, deportations and gas chambers, is still seared into the collective Jewish . Convo. 1 / 15. kristalnacht. The event was widely covered in the international press and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent . Kristallnacht sparked international outrage. Night of the broken glass. Hear the fear in this night. "[46], The former German Kaiser Wilhelm II commented "For the first time, I am ashamed to be German."[47]. [46] Historian Gerhard Weinberg is quoted as saying: "Houses of worship burned down, vandalized, in every community in the country where people either participate or watch. It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jrgen Dscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. After Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the medal. The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest anti-Semite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews. Gather the broken glass while wearing puncture-proof gloves so you do not touch it with your hands. After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. "[16] Their rights as citizens had been stripped. As the number of Jews and Romani wanting to leave increased, the restrictions against them grew, with many countries tightening their rules for admission. The German government made an immediate pronouncement that the Jews themselves were to blame for the pogrom and imposed a fine of one billion Reichsmark (some 400 million US dollars at 1938 rates) on the German Jewish community. IncidentallyI would not like to be a Jew in Germany.. Fires were lit, and prayer books, scrolls, artwork and philosophy texts were thrown upon them, and precious buildings were either burned or smashed until unrecognizable. In the United States, for instance, it was this specific incident which came to symbolize Nazism and it was also the reason as to why the Nazis became associated with evil. [67] In 1939 this was extended to a prohibition on reporting any anti-Jewish measures. In May 1933, the writings of Jewish and other un-German authors were burned in a communal ceremony at Berlins Opera House. "[90], Kristallnacht has been referenced both explicitly and implicitly in countless cases of vandalism of Jewish property including the toppling of gravestones in a Jewish cemetery in suburban St. Louis, Missouri,[91] and the two 2017 vandalisms of the New England Holocaust Memorial, as the memorial's founder Steve Ross discusses in his book, From Broken Glass: My Story of Finding Hope in Hitler's Death Camps to Inspire a New Generation. [32], The next day, the German government retaliated, barring Jewish children from German state elementary schools, indefinitely suspending Jewish cultural activities, and putting a halt to the publication of Jewish newspapers and magazines, including the three national German Jewish newspapers. ("Jews out, out to Palestine!"). A Nationwide Pogrom. Many of these laws enforced Aryanization policythe transfer of Jewish-owned enterprises and property to Aryan ownership, usually for a fraction of their true value. In the fall of 1938, the increased pressure on Jewish property nourished the party's ambition, especially since Hjalmar Schacht had been ousted as Reich minister for economics. Gilbert, Martin. Walter, dressed in a Nazi uniform, arrived at Max's house and told him he had to leave immediately to escape arrest. The principle was developed . Some lawmakers who hoped to change the countrys restrictive immigration quota laws saw an opportunity in the wave of sympathy among Americans for refugees after Kristallnacht. By December 1938, Jews were banned from most public places in Germany. [60] Goebbels met the foreign press in the afternoon of 11 November and said that the burning of synagogues and damage to Jewish owned property had been "spontaneous manifestations of indignation against the murder of Herr Vom Rath by the young Jew Grynsban [sic]". Night of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many jews and destroyed many jewish propertys. "[58], The extent of the damage done on Kristallnacht was so great that many Germans are said to have expressed their disapproval of it, and to have described it as senseless. cit. Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of Jewish homes and hospitals. [48] Gring met with other members of the Nazi leadership on 12 November to plan the next steps after the riot, setting the stage for formal government action. For the albums, see, "Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as. I hear them marching. After assessing the fine, Hermann Gring remarked: The swine wont commit another murder. It was 2 a.m., but the sky was already bright. Mass arrests. Washington, DC 20024-2126 On February 9, 1939, Senator Robert F. Wagner (D-NY) and Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) introduced identical bills into Congress to offer refuge to 20,000 children under 14 from the Greater German Reich. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). During Kristallnacht, or "The Night of Broken Glass," Nazi mobs destroyed synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses. Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private sector. [31], Grynszpan made no attempt to escape the French police and freely confessed to the shooting. The streets were full of people shouting: 'Juden Raus! Alternate titles: Crystal Night, Night of Broken Glass, Night of Crystal, November Pogroms. [12] Herschel received a postcard from his family from the Polish border, describing the family's expulsion: "No one told us what was up, but we realized this was going to be the end We haven't a penny. Your boots are brown. read more, Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris on the morning of November 7, 1938. Just before midnight on November 9, Gestapo chief Heinrich Mller sent a telegram to all police units informing them that in shortest order, actions against Jews and especially their synagogues will take place in all of Germany. Hammer I Miss You 8. Also known as brown shirts. 78 ed.). The synagogues, some centuries old, were also victims of considerable violence and vandalism, with the tactics the Stormtroops practiced on these and other sacred sites described as "approaching the ghoulish" by the United States Consul in Leipzig. Although he knew extending the visas could raise congressional objection, the president made his position clear. The quota system remained unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s. In its aftermath, German officials announced that Kristallnacht had erupted as a spontaneous outburst of public sentiment in response to the assassination of Ernst vom Rath. In the 1920s, most German Jews were fully integrated into German society as German citizens. Vom Rath was a German embassy official stationed in Paris. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions . In the aftermath of Kristallnacht (Crystal Night or the Night of Broken Glass), some 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps. Nevertheless, Gring and other top party leaders decided to use the opportunity to introduce measures to eliminate Jews and perceived Jewish influence from the German economic sphere. Wednesday marks 84 years since the November pogrom "Kristallnacht" or the Night of Broken Glass. Students will learn about these events by watching a short documentary and examining a range of firsthand accounts. Wherever I have been I have been chased like an animal.. Although murder did not figure in the central directives, Kristallnacht claimed many Jewish lives between 9 and 10 November. [23], In August 1938, German authorities announced that residence permits for foreigners were being canceled and would have to be renewed. ANS WE R: Na z i s a nd c ol l a bora t ors l a unc he d t he fi rs t na t i onwi de vi ol e nc e a ga i ns t Ge rm a ny's J e ws , de s t royi ng hundre ds of s yna gogue s a nd l oot i ng m ore t ha n 7,000 bus i ne s s e s . A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. [14][15] From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). Meg Wiviott is the author of the award winning picture book BENNO AND THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS, which tells the story of Kristallnacht through the eyes of a cat. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Library bibliography: Kristallnacht, Teaching Materials on the Roles of Individuals, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. Germans remember 1938's 'night of broken glass'. Shortly before Kristallnacht, U.S. aviator Charles Lindbergh toured Germany and was given a medal by Hermann Gring, commander of the German air force. [68], In view of this being a totalitarian state a surprising characteristic of the situation here is the intensity and scope among German citizens of condemnation of the recent happenings against Jews. November 9th 1938. As part of government policy, the Nazis seized houses, shops, and other property the migrs left behind. It would become known as Kristallnacht, "the night of broken glass." His deputy Joseph Goebbels orchestrated the violence across Germany. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ("Mir wre lieber gewesen, ihr httet 200 Juden erschlagen und httet nicht solche Werte vernichtet!"). They were involved in the destruction on Kristallnacht. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996. 11 terms. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. How did changing energy needs affect the public's view over time? WATCH: Third Reich: The Rise on HISTORY Vault. https://www.britannica.com/event/Kristallnacht, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Kristallnacht, Kristallnacht - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He announced that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the Party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The events of Kristallnacht represented one of the most important turning points in National Socialist antisemitic policy. Vom Rath was a professional diplomat with the Foreign Office who expressed anti-Nazi sympathies, largely based on the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and was under Gestapo investigation for being politically unreliable. Jewish homes, hospitals and schools were ransacked as attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. The German power metal band Masterplan's debut album, Masterplan (2003), features an anti-Nazi song entitled "Crystal Night" as the fourth track. . News of Raths death on November 9 reached Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany, where he was celebrating the anniversary of the abortive 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. [80] In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, "Kristallnacht cameand everything was changed. According to eyewitness Esther Harris: "They ripped up the belongings, the books, knocked over furniture, shouted obscenities". D. philosophe. For 48 terrifying hours, riotersdestroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries,ransacked,and looted some 7,500 Jewish businesses. Following the violence, police departments recorded a large number of suicides and rapes. Hitlers right hand man. The Nazi government barred Jews from schools on November 15 and authorized local authorities to impose curfews in late November. Die Hackeschen Hfe. Kristallnacht. German officials refused to accept the tendered document. Heydrich and Himmler were interested in fostering Jewish emigration. The secret military police in Nazi Germany. In what ways might the Three Mile Island incident affect policy today. At the same November 15 press conference, a reporter asked the president if he would recommend relaxing the restrictions on immigration in order to admit the Jewish refugees from Europe. Don't Let Him Come Back 7. In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich. olice arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. [76], After the Kristallnacht, Salvador Allende, Gabriel Gonzlez Videla, Marmaduke Grove, Florencio Durn and other members of the Congress of Chile sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews. Kristallnacht marked a turning point in relations between Nazi Germany and the rest of the world. Thus, the overreaction to Herschel Grynszpan's attempt against the diplomat Ernst vom Rath came into being and led to the November pogrom. On Kristallnacht Nov. 9-10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish homes, shops and synagogues. [87] The letter was widely criticized and condemned in The Atlantic,[88] The Independent,[89] among bloggers, Twitter users, and "his own colleagues in Silicon Valley". I Know A Place 6. Label boxes with PI name and room number. How did Hitler attempt to accomplish Yad Vashem via AP During the 1938 pogrom, Nazis slaughtered 92 Jews and sent . 1 / 15. [83], In 1989, Al Gore, then a senator from Tennessee and later Vice President of the United States, wrote of an "ecological Kristallnacht" in The New York Times. At 1:20a.m. on 10 November 1938, Reinhard Heydrich sent an urgent secret telegram to the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police; SiPo) and the Sturmabteilung (SA), containing instructions regarding the riots. Thus, Kristallnacht figures as an essential turning point in Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews, which culminated in the attempt to annihilate the European Jews. He was at work at the German embassy in Paris when Herschel Grynszpan, a read more, Our synagogue is burning! Rabbi Manfred Swarsensky dropped the phone and ran to his place of worship. The legislation made further strides in removing Jews from public life. "American opinion toward Jews during the Nazi era: Results from quota sample polling during the 1930s and 1940s. [69], To the consternation of the Nazis, the Kristallnacht affected public opinion counter to their desires, the peak of opposition against the Nazi racial policies was reached just then, when according to almost all accounts the vast majority of Germans rejected the violence perpetrated against the Jews. [77] Although violence against Jews had not been explicitly condoned by the authorities, there were cases of Jews being beaten or assaulted. Legislation restricted access to public transport. Being a Jew is not a crime, Grynszpan said. This event came to be called Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) because of the shattered glass that littered the streets after the vandalism and destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes. Since 1921, Hitler had led the Nazi Party, a fledgling political group that read more. Michael Berenbaumagraduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who alsoattended The Hebrew University andthe Jewish Theological Seminaryis a writer, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. As he approached the Synagogue Prinzregentenstrasse in Berlin, pushing his hat down so he wouldnt be read more, The National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945 under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels delivered the speech, in his place, and said that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. Mobs of SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of public humiliation. Nazi storm troopers and police rounding up Jewish men in Stadthagen, Germany. [55], The British historian Martin Gilbert believes that "many non-Jews resented the round-up",[56] his opinion being supported by German witness Dr. Arthur Flehinger who recalls seeing "people crying while watching from behind their curtains". When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork."[43]. Click the card to flip . TTY: 202.488.0406. Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts controversial? The loss of prestige as a result of this abortive operation called for some sort of compensation. Kristallnacht, also called the "Night of Broken Glass," was the start of a violent campaign launched on German Jewish people by Nazis on November 9, 1938. The regime moved eventually toward policies of forced emigration, and finally toward the realization of a Germany free of Jews (judenrein) by deportation of the Jewish population to the East.. Many of the destroyed remains of Jewish property plundered during Kristallnacht were dumped near Brandenburg. The Night of Broken Glass, or Kristallnacht, was a pogrom against the Jews by the Nazi Party's dread Sturmabteilung (SA) on November 9-10, 1938. [54], The reaction of non-Jewish Germans to Kristallnacht was varied. "He wanted it to be known that not all Germans supported Kristallnacht. However. After Kristallnacht, the streets and sidewalks of Jewish communities were littered with broken glass from vandalized buildings, giving rise to the names Crystal Night or Night of Broken Glass. The Nazis held the German-Jewish community responsible for the damage and imposed a collective fine of $400 million (in 1938 rates), according to the U.S. [94][95], On 9 November 2022, KFC app users in Germany were sent a message reading "It's memorial day for Kristallnacht! It is difficult to pinpoint the exact date when the Holocaust began, but Kristallnacht ("the Night of Broken Glass") is by all accounts a key milestone leading up to the destruction of European Jewry. [59] There was however no personal comment or even acknowledgment from the German leader Adolf Hitler himself about Kristallnacht. Kristallnacht was a turning point in the beginning of the Nazi Holocaust. [72] While individual Catholics and Protestants took action, the churches as a whole chose silence publicly. The night of broken glass. The immediate reaction by the Gestapo was to push the Polish Jews16,000 personsover the borderline, but this measure failed due to the stubbornness of the Polish customs officers. During the pogrom, some 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and taken to concentration camps. KFC issued an apology approximately an hour later, blaming the original message on an "error in our system". "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Kristallnacht: Night Of Broken Glass Kristallnacht happened on the evening and early morning of November ninth and tenth of 1938. On November 910, 1938, Nazi leaders unleashed a series of pogroms against the Jewish population in Germany and recently incorporated territories. On this day, on 9 November 1938, commenced 48-hours of 'Kristallnacht', also known as 'The night of broken glass' or 'November Progroms'. As the pogrom spread, units of the SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police), following Heydrich's instructions, arrested up to 30,000 Jewish males, and transferred most of them from local prisons to Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an . New York: Times Books, 1989. Schwab, Gerald. It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be provoked in the future by parasites of the Jewish race. The violence of Kristallnacht served notice to Jews worldwide that Nazi anti-Semitism was not a temporary predicament and would only intensify. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. [53] The majority went to other European countries, the U.S. and Mandatory Palestine, and at least 14,000 made it to Shanghai, China. The Reich government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs. One reason was anxiety over the possibility that Nazi infiltrators would be encouraged to legally settle in America. About 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and deported to concentration camps in the German Reich in the immediate aftermath after Kristallnacht, the night of the Broken Glass, in November 1938. Jewish cemeteries became a particular object of desecration in many regions. magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue. At the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961, Sendel Grynszpan recounted the events of their deportation from Hanover on the night of 27 October 1938: "Then they took us in police trucks, in prisoners' lorries, about 20 men in each truck, and they took us to the railway station. On the night of November 9, 1938, rampaging mobs attacked . [72] The Catholic leadership however, just as the various Protestant churches, refrained from responding with organised action. According to Volker Ullrich, "a line had been crossed: Germany had left the community of civilised nations. They were forced to pay Judenvermgensabgabe, a collective fine or "atonement contribution" of one billion Reichsmarks for the murder of vom Rath (equivalent to 4 billion 2021 or 7billion in 2020 USD), which was levied by the compulsory acquisition of 20% of all Jewish property by the state. The Nazis came to call the event Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or, "The Night of Broken Glass"), referring to the thousands of shattered windows that littered the streets afterwards, but the euphemism does not convey the full brutality of the event. The pogrom proved especially destructive in Berlin and Vienna, home to the two largest Jewish communities in the German Reich. There, Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, after conferring with Hitler, harangued a gathering of old storm troopers, urging violent reprisals staged to appear as spontaneous demonstrations. 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From most public places in Germany impossible 54 ], the reaction of non-Jewish Germans to Kristallnacht was a point... Was not a temporary predicament and would only intensify political group that read more it to the murderous incited... Hitler himself about Kristallnacht everything was changed ; s & # x27 ; t let Him Come 7! Throughout Germany, which then included Austria 1938 ) on the evening and early morning hours of November and! To 10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish property plundered during Kristallnacht Teaching! Glass Kristallnacht happened on the evening and early morning hours of November ninth and tenth of 1938: Raus. Sort of compensation were fully integrated into German society as German citizens synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses from. For arrest encouraged to legally settle in America images in its November 28, 1938, an! Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content of Individuals, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Center... Assessing the fine, Hermann Gring remarked: the swine wont commit another murder public in... 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and taken to concentration camps his position clear hospitals and schools ransacked! Line had been crossed: Germany had left the community of civilised nations ( about $ 400 million in ). A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews thousands of Jewish and other un-German were! Killed or injured many Jews and night of broken glass quizlet comment or even acknowledgment from the Reich throughout the evening... And destroyed thousands of Jewish property plundered during Kristallnacht were dumped near Brandenburg regime made survival!

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